The document also contains a fascinating discussion of U. October 28, Gorbachev Letter to Reagan. The last obstacle to such agreement is the period of non-withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, which the Soviet Union proposed to be ten years and to which Shultz did not agree in Moscow.
Gorbachev proposes to open a direct channel through the Ambassadors to discuss this issue before the summit to find a speedy solution. Gorbachev believes that it is realistic to achieve an agreement on strategic weapons and to start discussion on banning chemical weapons. In the letter, Gorbachev also gives final dates of his visit to Washington—during the first ten days of December After formally receiving the letter from Shevardnadze, Reagan would announce the summit agreement in the White House press room, with Shultz and Shevardnadze at his side.
Wick to the Secretary of State George P. The top U. Since the U. On the eve of the Washington summit, the top U. Gates, then the deputy director of CIA — gets Gorbachev almost completely wrong.
Gorbachev had rejected both of these ideas repeatedly in earlier meetings, but would surprise the Americans at the Washington summit with his tactics if not his underlying posture on SDI. December 8, Record of Conversation Between S.
Akhromeev and P. Nitze at the U. State Department. In the first conversations of military experts Marshal Akhromeev outlines the Soviet position on the strategic nuclear weapons negotiations. The other remaining issue is verification, on which now Soviets were prepared to go further than the Americans in reversal of the traditional positions.
December 9, Record of Conversation Between S. Akhromeev and F. Carlucci at the Pentagon. Akhromeev and Carlucci discuss issues of possible cooperation on SDI research during the period of non-withdrawal and non-deployment of SDI systems. Carlucci makes a very strong argument in defense of the SDI saying that it is widely supported in the country and that there was no chance for a strategic offensive weapons treaty to be ratified by the U.
Crowe with members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Pentagon. Akhromeev and members of U. JCS discuss measures of cooperation between representatives of U. Akhromeev proposes more human contacts between the officers, visits to bases, exchanges of basketball teams or military bands.
The conversation also involves the issues of reductions of conventional weapons in Europe, including dual-use weapons. Verification and nuclear safety centers are also discussed. Vice President George H.
Bush came along to see Gorbachev off, and during the minute ride, with only Soviet interpreter Pavel Palazhchenko present, the two men engage in a wide-ranging conversation that both would remember later as the basis for their own summits. December 16, Anatoly Chernyaev Memorandum to Gorbachev. He notes progress in finding solutions to the following difficult issues: provision on compliance with the AMB treaty, limits for warheads on strategic missiles and for warheads on sea-launched cruise missiles.
December 17, Politburo Session. Yet a chorus of critics including former President Nixon, former secretary of state Kissinger, and former — and future — national security adviser Scowcroft were attacking the INF treaty for removing nuclear weapons from Europe while leaving a large Soviet conventional arms advantage.
Unbeknownst to the critics, in part because Reagan was unprepared to take up the conventional forces issue when Gorbachev raised it during the summit, the Soviets were ready to move on major cuts in non-nuclear forces as well, and Gorbachev would announce such cuts in his United Nations speech less than a year later. The Brookings Institution: Washington, D.
Skip to main content. The INF Treaty, S threatened to formally initiate the 6-month withdrawal process from the treaty in February On 14 February, Russia allegedly deployed a secret ground-launched intermediate range cruise missile. Russian authorities denied the allegation and stated that Russia would continue to adhere to its INF Treaty obligations.
It is unclear whether the proposals will make it into the final defense budget as there is significant disagreement within Congress and the Trump administration on the future of the INF Treaty. On 16 November, the Wall Street Journal reported that the Pentagon started research to develop a missile banned by the Treaty in an effort to bring Moscow into compliance. On 8 December, the State Department announced that the United States is pursuing economic and military measures intended to induce Russia to return to compliance.
On 12 May the U. Russian officials declared this to be in violation of the INF treaty and a direct threat to Russian security. On 19 October, American officials stated their concern that a new Russian program to produce ground launched cruise missiles violated the INF Treaty.
On 11 December, nonproliferation experts released evidence that Russia was in the process of deploying Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad exclave, north of Poland. On 18 February, Russian Ambassador-at-Large Grigory Berdennikov said that though Moscow and Washington held divergent positions on several issues, they both agree that the INF Treaty should become a multilateral agreement. He expressed Russian concerns on US compliance with the treaty and emphasized Russian compliance.
On 9 June, Russia announced that it had successfully test fired a short-range anti-ballistic missile defense system, four days after the Pentagon announced that it was considering putting US missiles in Europe. On 30 October, U. In February, at a press conference responding to U.
On 17 July, former U. On 29 July, the U. Though there are no details in the report that pinpoint the exact illicit weapon system or specify a date, the general description is a GLCM ranging to 3, miles to 5, kilometers. On the contrary Russia stated that the United States had violated the treaty by testing missiles with similar qualities to intermediate-range missiles, as well as producing drones, which are covered under the Treaty definition of GLCM.
On 27 September, the Russians instigated its first test launch of the long-range missile called RS Rubezh, which was suspiciously similar in design to the SS Saber from the s.
Though the test inevitably failed , the development of the Rubezh, in conjunction with suspected activities surrounding a new Russian cruise missile, sparked compliance violation concerns within the U. On 12 February, the Russian delegation to the Conference on Disarmament presented a set of proposals towards globalizing the obligations set forth in the INF Treaty.
On 6 April, Presidents George W. On 20 April, the Defense Ministry stated that Russia possesses the necessary capabilities to resume the production of ballistic missiles eliminated under the INF Treaty. On 12 October, Russian President Vladimir Putin suggested that the INF Treaty should become multilateral and pointed out that Russia would find it difficult to remain in the treaty that does not regulate missile development in other countries.
At the end of August, Russian media reported that at a meeting in Alaska with U. On 31 October, Bulgaria reported that it had destroyed its last SS tactical ballistic missiles. Bulgaria was the last country in Europe possessing these missiles.
The Bulgarian Parliament overwhelmingly approved a resolution on destruction of SSs in December The statement also warned that the U. In February, the Russian government declared that the U. It noted that Moscow had scrapped its SS missile with a similar range at the insistence of the United States. The Hera was built using the second and third stages of the Minuteman-II missile with certain modifications , and, according to some sources, guidance components from the Pershing missile which was eliminated under the INF Treaty.
Yakovlev said these missiles would be targeted against U. On 31 May, the December Agreement on terminating inspection and monitoring activities entered into force. During the year existence of the Treaty, over sites had been inspected in the United States and over on the territory of the USSR and successor States. They included abandoning the INF Treaty and deploying intermediate-range missiles that have been banned by the treaty.
According to Yakovlev, these missiles would be targeted against U. He also said that the Russian government has studied this issue at length and has prepared appropriate plans to implement this option.
The Russian Defense Ministry is reportedly concerned that Minuteman III modernization programs might considerably improve the capabilities of the Hera, extending its range to km from the current km through the use of retired Minuteman III stages.
Military experts noted that the deployment of such missiles in Europe would force other states to seek appropriate countermeasures. The article also speculates that the leaks of information concerning this issue may presage a Russian diplomatic offensive aimed at dissuading the U. On 5 March, Slovakia announced that it would destroy its SS missiles before their lifespan expiration date as part of a plan to restructure its army to make it more suitable for NATO membership.
Slovakia announced that it would also destroy its SS-1 Scud-B tactical ballistic missiles. At the commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of the Treaty, Russia announced that it had eliminated 1, intermediate-range and short-range missiles, launchers, and monitored the elimination of U.
Bulgaria and Slovakia continued to reject U. But earlier this year the US and Nato accused Russia of violating the pact by deploying a new type of cruise missile, which Moscow has denied.
This accusation was then put to Washington's Nato allies, which all backed the US claim. Russia's foreign ministry confirmed the INF treaty was "formally dead" in a statement carried by state-run Ria Novosti news agency.
Russian President Vladimir Putin suspended his country's own obligations to the treaty shortly afterwards. Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the transatlantic alliance would "respond in a measured and responsible way to the significant risks posed by the Russian 9M missile to allied security".
But, he added, Nato "does not want a new arms race" and confirmed there were no plans for the alliance to deploy land-based nuclear missiles of its own in Europe. Last month, he told the BBC that the Russian missiles were nuclear-capable, mobile, very hard to detect and could reach European cities within minutes.
UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres has warned that "an invaluable brake on nuclear war" was being lost. Analysts fear that the collapse of the historic agreement could lead to a new arms race between the US, Russia and China.
The demise of the INF treaty - the only disarmament agreement ever to eliminate a whole category of nuclear weapons - represents a significant setback for advocates of arms control. That it comes at a time when the US is increasingly concerned by the threat from what it sees as a resurgent Russia is doubly unsettling. Neither Moscow nor Washington appears to value such treaties.
The most important agreement of the old Cold War years - the New Start treaty - that limits long-range nuclear weapons is set to expire in February
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