Collecting the evidence. Conclusions and preparing an investigation report. Investigations in their context. Making findings. The panel is tasked with making findings of fact and it is crucial that the panel concludes its investigation and its report with clear findings or a conclusion that the evidence did not permit the panel to make findings of fact. These conclusions must be based on the evidence the panel has found in the course of its investigation: the documents, the statements etc.
The investigation report must explain how the panel came to its findings. Assessing credibility. In some cases, the findings of fact will depend on the credibility of the witnesses. Here are some factors a panel may use to assess credibility:. Ultimately, the panel will make an assessment as to their credibility and therefore which account is credible.
Corroborative statements made by a complainant to others after an incident can be relevant. Assessing evidence. When assessing the evidence, it is important for the panel to distinguish between direct and circumstantial evidence.
All this evidence is relevant, but not all evidence has the same weight. Hearsay evidence may be corroborative and is evidence of what a witness heard others say: Sergio told Donough that he saw Sane at a restaurant last Wednesday with a colleague. Donough has no direct evidence of what Sane was doing last Wednesday; he can only give hearsay evidence of what Sergio told him.
Search this Guide Search. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper Offers detailed guidance on how to develop, organize, and write a college-level research paper in the social and behavioral sciences. The Abstract Executive Summary 4. The Introduction The C. The Discussion Limitations of the Study 9. The Conclusion Appendices Definition The results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the methodology [or methodologies] you applied to gather information.
Importance of a Good Results Section When formulating the results section, it's important to remember that the results of a study do not prove anything. Structure and Writing Style I. Organization and Approach For most research papers in the social and behavioral sciences, there are two possible ways of organizing the results.
Present a synopsis of the results followed by an explanation of key findings. This approach can be used to highlight important findings. For example, you may have noticed an unusual correlation between two variables during the analysis of your findings.
It is appropriate to highlight this finding in the results section. However, speculating as to why this correlation exists and offering a hypothesis about what may be happening belongs in the discussion section of your paper.
Present a result and then explain it, before presenting the next result then explaining it, and so on, then end with an overall synopsis. This is the preferred approach if you have multiple results of equal significance. It is more common in longer papers because it helps the reader to better understand each finding. In this model, it is helpful to provide a brief conclusion that ties each of the findings together and provides a narrative bridge to the discussion section of the your paper.
Content In general, the content of your results section should include the following: Introductory context for understanding the results by restating the research problem underpinning your study.
This is useful in re-orientating the reader's focus back to the research problem after having read a review of the literature and your explanation of the methods used for gathering and analyzing information. Inclusion of non-textual elements, such as, figures, charts, photos, maps, tables, etc. Rather than relying entirely on descriptive text, consider how your findings can be presented visually.
This is a helpful way of condensing a lot of data into one place that can then be referred to in the text. Consider referring to appendices if there is a lot of non-textual elements. A systematic description of your results, highlighting for the reader observations that are most relevant to the topic under investigation. Not all results that emerge from the methodology used to gather information may be related to answering the " So What? The active shooter protocols have provided something of a calibration to this analysis where extreme ongoing threat to life and safety of person equals high duty and high expectation to take action.
Police officers may be called to action by many different means. It may be a radio dispatch call to attend an emergency, a citizen flagging down the passing police car to report an incident, or an officer coming upon a crime in progress.
Whatever the means of being called to action, this is the first step of the police officer becoming engaged in a thinking process to gather and evaluate information, make decisions, and take action. The first step of this thinking process for the investigator is to make the evaluation and ask the questions:. As a subsequent part of this evaluation determining an Active Event or Inactive Event, the investigator should also be alert to the type crime being encountered.
For example, is it an assault, a robbery, or a theft? From the perspective of police tactical investigative response, an investigator confronted with an active event must first assess the threat level. Is there a danger to the life or safety of persons that would require a Level One Priority Result , taking immediate action to protect life and safety of persons, including the life and safety of attending police officers?
In assessing these threat levels to life and safety, police are often faced with very limited information. Sometimes there is only a possible threat, or an implied threat to the life or safety of persons. In such cases, it is only necessary for the police to suspect that there is a threat to the life or safety of a person to evoke the extended powers provided by exigent circumstances.
In these cases of implied threats, police are authorized to rely on the powers afforded by exigent circumstances to enter private property without a warrant and to detain and search suspects who may present a danger. These are significant powers and an investigator must be aware that if they use these powers, there is a strong possibility they will later be called upon to justify the exercise of those powers.
Let us consider that section of the Criminal Code that authorizes officers to enter a dwelling without a warrant, and then apply that understanding to some scenarios:. Authority to enter dwelling without warrant under the Criminal Code of Canada. Criminal Code, , s 1.
Exigent circumstances 2 For the purposes of subsection 1 , exigent circumstances include circumstances in which the peace officer. Criminal Code, , s 2 a,b. A uniform patrol officer receives a call to attend a complaint through radio dispatch.
The caller is reporting that he has just witnessed his neighbour punch his wife in the front yard and then drag her forcibly into their house. The responding officer is immediately able to classify this event as an active event. Given this assessment, the situation requires a Tactical Investigative Response.
In this type of case, the officer can draw upon the extended powers under exigent circumstances to ensure the safety of the wife. Considering the information that has been reported, the officer may go to the residence with a view to using the necessary force to enter without a warrant to investigate the safety and well-being of the identified victim.
If, after entering the home, further investigation provides evidence to confirm an assault, the officer can arrest the identified suspect for that offence. In this scenario, the information that allows the classification of the active event and the offence recognition is fairly clear in the reported circumstances. Sometimes an event cannot be immediately classified as either an active event or an inactive event.
In these cases, where the information is less clear, the investigator may be justified to assume an ongoing danger to the life or safety of persons, and remain in the tactical investigative response mode utilizing the powers afforded under exigent circumstances to pursue the investigation until it is determined that an implied danger no longer exists.
For example, consider the situation where police dispatch receives a call from a woman crying. A patrol unit is dispatched to attend the residential address associated with the identified phone number. The attending officers advise the male that a terminated call from a crying woman was received from this address. The male states that there is nothing wrong in his home and he refuses to allow officers to enter the premises. The officers advise the male that they need to enter the premises to satisfy themselves that there is no ongoing threat to the life or safety of the crying woman caller.
The officers warn the man that they will be entering the premises and if he resists he will be arrested for obstructing a police officer. The man steps aside and the officers enter the home and find a woman in the bedroom area with a bleeding nose and a bruised face.
The woman tells officers that the male, her husband, punched her in the face during an argument and when she attempted to call police he ripped the phone cord from the wall and struck her again.
She states that he threatened to kill her if she cried out when the police came to the door. The man is arrested for assault, forcible confinement, and uttering threats. He is provided with his Charter Rights and warning, and he is then asked if he wishes to make any statement.
To evaluate this scenario, the officers had very little information in the first instance that would allow them to make a determination of active event or inactive event. The information to identify a criminal act was equally limited.
Fortunately, case law has evolved to recognize this kind of information-limited case, and it provides a framework for making a response that can protect life and safety. That threat may be simply implied by the circumstances being presented.
In this case, the implied threat to life or safety of a person was the disconnected call. The officers had a duty to attend and resolve the possible threat to life or safety of a person implied in this disconnected call R v Godoy , As you might imagine, an officer attending the calls outlined in the preceding scenarios needs to be very clear on the circumstances where implicit distress and exigent circumstances can be interpreted to use the powers to enter private property.
This same need extends to using appropriate levels of force and making an arrest. Considering these are active and still evolving criminal events, there is urgency to act. Research Question: Drives your investigation; it is something you want to explore and answer. Scope of Investigation: Determines how large or small your investigation will be. You now know how to determine the scope of an investigation by forming a research question.
Revising your question against your task and the available information on your topic can help you arrive at the best information quickly. The inquiry process involves questioning. A question is a request for information. The more information you gather, the more questions you ask, and the more you research. It is a repetitive course of action. That is what differentiates search from research. As the researcher, you must analyze a broad topic and narrow the focus to a manageable size.
Your research question will help you to determine the scope of your investigation, in other words, the extent of subject matter on your topic and how much you will need to search for answers to your question.
Revising your question based on the task and the information available on your topic will help you to research more effectively. Although the research question does not appear in your submitted report or project, it does influence the final product. This should guide the methods you use to find relevant information.
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