Inflammation induces lung oxidative stress reaction and leads to a large number of reactive oxygen species [ 1 ]. The effect of reactive oxygen species on the pathogenesis of asthma is to stimulate pulmonary function impairment, mast cell degranulation, airway remodelling and mucus secretion by epithelium, all of which in turn can aggravate the local inflammation of the lung. Hydrogen is considered an inert gas and has been used in medical applications to prevent decompression sickness in deep divers [ 2 ].
This report aroused considerable interest worldwide. The therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen on various diseases have been investigated regarding its antioxidation capability [ 4 ] and its anti-inflammation [ 5 ] and anti-apoptosis [ 6 ] capabilities.
Compared with traditional antioxidants, hydrogen is a small molecule that can easily dissipate throughout the body and cells, and it is sufficiently mild that it does not disturb metabolic oxidation-reduction reactions or ROS-mediated cell signalling.
Thus, it may be a safe and effective antioxidant for pulmonary diseases. As the mainstream administration route, inhalation is considered the preferred methods in the treatment of asthma. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated various types of diseases involving oxidative stress, including ischaemic heart disease [ 7 ], stroke [ 8 ], acute lung injury [ 9 ] and inflammatory bowel disease [ 5 ], benefitted from or were protected by inhalation of hydrogen gas.
The effect of this kind of gas on asthma is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammation and antioxidation function of inhalation of high concentrations of hydrogen gas in a mouse asthmatic model.
Female mice at 6—8 weeks of age were used for experiments. Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups with 10 mice each: sham control group Control, C , asthma group A , hydrogen-gas treatment group AH , and hydrogen gas control group Hydrogen, H. The experiment was repeated three times. Mouse models of asthma were prepared with chicken OVA sensitization and challenge. The mice were anaesthetized with an overdose of chloral hydrate i. The box was flushed with mixed gases for 30 min to replace the air in the box.
Mice were anaesthetized i. Gas flow was determined and recorded by the Fleisch air flow transducer connected with trachea intubation under condition of spontaneous mouse breathing.
The pressure inside the oesophagus can be recorded continuously as chest pressure. Lung resistance RL and dynamic compliance of the respiratory system Cdyn were calculated by the Amdur and Mead method according to respiratory rate, tidal volume, respiration flow and chest pressure [ 10 ].
Bronchoalveolar lavage BAL was performed after airway hyperresponsiveness measurements when the animal was still under anaesthesia. A total volume of 0. The mice were euthanized with cervical dislocation. Protein was extracted from the snap-frozen samples of pulmonary tissue with a cell lysis kit Bio-plexTM Cell Lysis kit, Bio-Rad supplemented with proteinase inhibitors Sigma-Aldrich. The degrees of lung inflammation from five airway sections randomly distributed throughout the left lung were evaluated by one analyst blinded to the groups using a subjective scale ranging from 0 to 4 0, normal; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe; 4, more severe.
Periodic acid-Schiff PAS staining was applied to detect muco-substances. Images of lung tissues with airways were captured by a Nikon microscope. The resultant supernatant was equilibrated with saline and used to determine the levels of proteins in the tissue homogenates. The GraphPad Prism 5 software was used for statistical analysis. Lung resistance RL increased in the asthmatic mouse model 3. The effect of hydrogen gas inhalation on lung function in the asthmatic mouse model. Mouse models exhibited cardinal histopathological signs of human asthmatic lungs, including peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, with most notably eosinophilia 3.
Hydrogen gas inhalation attenuated this accumulation of inflammatory cells 2. There was a significant increase in the number of total cells 3.
Hydrogen gas inhalation resulted in significant reduction in the number of total cells 2. There was a significant increase in IL-4 Hydrogen gas inhalation resulted in significant reductions in the concentrations of IL-4 Hydrogen gas inhalation nonsignificantly decreased the expression of IL-5 8.
There was no effect on the IL-6 expression in BALF in the asthmatic mouse model with or without hydrogen gas inhalation. Hydrogen gas inhalation resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of IL-4 5. Hydrogen gas inhalation had no significant effect on the serum concentration of IL-5 6. The pure hydrogen gas inhalation had no effect on the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum Fig.
The levels of MDA 5. A significant reduction of MDA 1. From the present study, we conclude that inhalation of hydrogen gas protects against asthma in mouse models by improving lung function, ameliorating mucus production and decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease whose pathogenesis is not completely elucidated. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of bronchial asthma, especially in the acute exacerbation period [ 12 , 13 ].
Excessive production of oxidative stress has been reported to lead to airway inflammation, lung function decline, mucus overproduction, tissue injury, and remodelling in animal models and human studies [ 14 , 15 ]. Fatani found that MDA increased in asthmatic patients, especially in the exacerbation periods [ 16 ]. The mouse model used in this study presented lung resistance increase, different types of inflammatory cell infiltration dominated by eosinophils, and mucus plug formation.
An estimated million Americans reside in areas where atmospheric ozone - a major component of photochemical smog - consistently exceeds levels that people should not be exposed to even three days per year.
Ozone gas exposure is an ever-present public health problem because it damages cells in the human body. Besides moving to the country, how can you reduce your risk for ozone-induced lung injury? The authors of a recent study in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine determined the effects of dietary antioxidants on lung function and inflammation resulting from ozone exposure. N-acetyl cysteine NAC : is a precursor to glutathione and can be used if glutathione is not available as a supplement.
NAC is a powerful mucolytic, breaking down and eliminating accumulated mucus from the lungs. In addition to facilitating breathing, toxins and germs threatening the lungs are also removed. People with various lung disorders such as bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema may greatly benefit from NAC. Selenium: As an antioxidant, selenium helps fight free radical damage and moderates cellular oxidative stress. Use in cooking or as a tea. If you want to read more about the impact of small particles on human respiratory system: Read this article.
Or this piece on what kinds of mask and how to use: Read here. People with lung conditions may notice their symptoms worsening in cold or dry air. This climate can dry out the mucous membranes in the airways and restrict blood flow.
Conversely, steam adds warmth and moisture to the air, which may improve breathing and help loosen mucus inside the airways and lungs. Inhaling water vapor can provide immediate relief and help people breathe more easily.
A small study involving 16 males with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , a lung condition that makes it harder to breathe, found that steam mask therapy led to significantly lower heart rates and respiratory rates than non-steam mask therapy. This therapy may be an effective temporary solution, but researchers need to do more research before they fully understand the benefits of steam therapy on lung health.
Controlled coughing loosens excess mucus in the lungs, sending it up through the airways. Postural drainage involves lying in different positions to use gravity to remove mucus from the lungs.
This practice may improve breathing and help treat or prevent lung infections. It also improves circulation, making the body more efficient in removing the excess carbon dioxide that the body produces when exercising.
The body will start to adapt to meet the demands of regular exercise. The muscles will learn to use oxygen more efficiently and produce less carbon dioxide. Although exercising may be more difficult for people with chronic lung conditions, these individuals can also benefit from regular exercise.
People who have COPD, cystic fibrosis , or asthma should consult a healthcare professional before starting a new exercise regimen. Green tea contains many antioxidants that may help reduce inflammation in the lungs. These compounds may even protect lung tissue from the harmful effects of smoke inhalation.
A recent study involving more than 1, adults in Korea reported that people who drank at least 2 cups of green tea per day had better lung function than those who drank none.
0コメント